Taxation Without Rep Dbq

Alex Dib AP History September 24, 2012 Practice DBQ #1Question: To what extent was the demand for no taxation without representation both the primary force motivating the American revolutionary movement and a symbol for democracy? When the colonists came to the Americas, they did so to get away from the restrictive rule of England. Once they arrived, it took many years for them to develop a sense of self-rule, and they cherished and appreciated every moment of it. However, that was all soon to change, as the English got into wars with the French and Spanish.These three dominating European powers got into 4 major wars which would prove to be crucial for the formation of America as we know it today. With these wars, the English debt was mounting, and they didn’t have the money to balance it out. So what’s the next best thing to printing money? Taxing other people so they give you money, of course! When the English taxed the colonies through various Acts, the self-rule of the people was fading. They were doing the bidding for England, the same thing they vowed to get away from and never return to.This is where the phrase â€Å"No taxation without representation† comes into play. It would eventually turn out to be the greatest symbol for democracy, and the motivation for the American Revolution. The French and Indian war was perhaps one of the most crucial and influential wars regarding the shaping of America. The French provoked the war, in the British point of view, by building chains of forts limiting westward expansion on the English colonies. People such as George Washington and General Edward Braddock went in with local militias to break up the French’s progress, but were forced to surrender.The Albany Plan of Union, as developed by Benjamin Franklin, was an idea that proposed the collection of taxes from the various colonies to provide an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops for general defense. This theory was never enacted however, because each colony was too stubborn and jealous of its own taxation powers. This plan did, however, set a precedent for a later, more revolutionary congress in the 1770’s. This war however, was eventually won by the British, who acquired Canada and Florida in the process.Resolved, that a most humble and dutiful Address be presented to his majesty, imploring his royal protection of his faithful subjects, for the people of this colony, in the enjoyment of all their natural and civil rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (A). The king had to do what he had to do in terms of protecting the colonies, as stated by the Resolution of the Virginia House of Burgesses. (However, it is not the specifics of the war that we are interested in per say, this rather just provides a background for what was to come). All four of the wars fought by the English, specifically the last one, were not relatively cost efficient.Britain was in a major debt, and this is where things get tricky . â€Å"Small islands not capable of protecting themselves are the proper objects for kingdoms to take under their care†¦but it is evident that they belong to different systems. England to Europe: America to itself. † (G) In this document, we observe the philosophical thinking of Thomas Paine. In this excerpt from â€Å"Common Sense†, we observe that Paine believes that England performed its duty by defending the colonies, and shouldn’t burden further them for taxes to pay for their war.On top of the taxation, we see that England feels the need to maintain a permanent military force throughout the colonies to guard the frontiers. King George III and parliament set forth various acts that would prove to limit the colonies representative government. The Sugar Act, also known as the revenue act, placed taxes/duties on foreign sugar and various luxuries. Its main purpose was to raise revenue for the crown, and to provide a strict enforcement against smuggling. Any accused of smuggling would face a trial in court by â€Å"crown appointed judges† without a jury. They have undertaken to give and grant our money without our consent, though we have ever exercised an exclusive right to dispose of our own property†¦; for depriving us of the accustomed and inestimable privilege of trial by jury, in cases affecting both life and property. † (F) This immediately limits the self-rule of the colonies, and would later become one of the biggest topics of the Constitution. The Quartering Act required colonists to temporarily house British soldiers, and care to their every need during their stay.Many people were against this act, for it violated a person’s right to privacy within their household. Finally, the Stamp Act came about, which required that revenue stamps be placed on any legal document. This was the first time that taxes were being directly taken from the people, rather than on the goods and from the merchants. After t he passing of this act, all hell breaks loose throughout the colonies. People gathered and protested, often violently, in which they destroyed British imports, boycotted the purchase of certain products, and attacked the English in any way they knew how.The Sons and Daughters of Liberty was created, which was a secret and violent organization which was used to intimidate and harass tax collectors. England was forced to repeal the Stamp Act, because of the incredible loss of profit. â€Å"A right to impose an internal tax on the colonies, without their consent for the single purpose of revenue, is denied†¦ (C) Daniel Dulany, from the Considerations on the propriety of imposing taxes in the British Colonies, writes as to support the statement â€Å"No taxation without representation†.This phrase is, in a sense, the birthplace of democracy; it is the foundations on which this nation stands today. One of the fundamental human rights is the opportunity for self-rule, and it is now evident that America would not have been as successful as it is today without the protestors and boycotters and founding fathers that stood up for the colonies in times of near overthrow. This phrase is without a doubt the primary force that motivated the American Revolution, and a universal symbol of democracy throughout the land.

Naturalism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Naturalism - Research Paper Example In trying to understand nature and seek explanations of natural processes, naturalists use science as their main resource. Some people believe that science and religion are very different and irreconcilable as science is based on rationality as opposed to faith which is irrationality. Other people believe that naturalism is the home of reconciliation between science and religion with yet some irreconcilable discrepancies showing conflict between naturalism and science. Evolution is the scientific explanation of the origin of life in nature that was proposed by Charles Darwin and it remains one of the most contentious and hotly debated issues in religious naturalism. This paper will explore naturalism in religion with a bias in evolution as put across by science and scientific theory of evolution and natural selection. First, the paper will have a brief description of naturalism and then have a look at evolution and the controversies surrounding the evolutionary theory. Naturalists ca n be described as pragmats who have their basis of reality in empirical logic and do not consider testimony as a source of truth of reality (Anderson 111). All the conscious differentiations of reality are based on the way that human beings identify the various qualities of world experience and how they think and reason about them. The natural world is the centre of the most significant experience and understanding of nature and thus it is the most valuable thing in the assessment of an individual’s well being. The idea of a supreme being is considered to have no grounds and everything is approached from a rational point of view and the harmony of reason and our understanding of the universe as informed by science (Griffin 56). Naturalism is presumably not a religion as such as it stands but it plays a vital role just like a religion does which is that of giving adherent to a world view. It provides explanations of why thing happen the way they happen, it tells us what fundam entally the world is and what is important in the world and the essence of human life and general life in the world. This is to a great extent what other religions do except for a few differences which might arise from worship and rituals which are not necessarily part of naturalism. There have been concerns whether theology is compatible with naturalism which has often elicited different responses and controversies. Theology and naturalism are compatible but not all forms of naturalism are compatible with theology as it is both the science about God and also the science about the human experience of God’s manifestation in individual life, the society or nature (Francis, Robbins & Astley 95). With science being the underpinnings of naturalism as it provides the explanations for the fundamental structure of the universe, one may think that the theory of evolution is one of the major pillars in naturalism. The theory of evolution which was put forward by Charles Darwin stipulat es that all life in the universe is related and share a common ancestry. It further says that life originated from non life with more complex organisms forming out of more simple organisms and that human beings have an animal descent (Smith 3). The theory puts it that more complex organism evolve from simple organisms over a long period of time and that there are mutations that occur on the genetic makeup of organisms that may favour their survival in a process called natural selection (Smith 4). This

Classical Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Classical Liberalism - Essay Example Locke attempted to protect some areas of personal life from governmental action. People should not be deprived of their property rights by the state. The acceptance of the government authority over people is to ensure that the latter protects their property and liberty. In ancient times, people enjoyed full-fledged freedom and liberty; and the state should endeavor to provide these rights (Stein 21). The Lockean perception states that the fundamental duty of the state is to protect private property. However, this theory has been discounted because the state has extended protection to only property that it creates and to the extent to which it deems to be sufficient. The state is the bestower as well as the depriver of property. Consequently, the restrictions imposed by the state on land use become an intrinsic part of the land (Epstein 129). A state that controls private property is akin to a dictatorship. Moreover, a state that strictly protects the right to private property, cannot address crises effectively. For instance, during times of war, natural disasters and economic depressions the state is empowered to control private property. However, classical liberalism requires the state to operate under certain limitations, while seizing private property. Therefore, a classical liberal society cannot survive in a real time environment and it cannot build gigantic projects like the Tennessee Valley Authority. Such classical liberal societies cannot deal with the Texas farmers in drought situations. There will be no technological advancement in a classical liberal society. It cannot launch expedition to outer space, and there would be no scientific experiments (Rockwell). The sole ruler of a society is its legislation, therefore, it is irrelevant as to who wins in the elections or who emerges as the president. Communities develop by themselves, and the future of the people is determined by their actions.

STRATEGIC OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT(EBUs602) ASSIGNMENT Essay

STRATEGIC OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT(EBUs602) ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example By reducing the order delivery time, they will decrease fluctuations as well as costs and inventory levels (Wangphanich, Kara, & Kayis, 2010: p4508). P&G then turned their attention to POS purchases at their main distributors and retailers to track ordering trends and preferences respectively. Using a point-of-sale system will allow P&G to identify trends and improve communication along the chain of supply (Wang et al. 2012, p. 120). P&G also sought to get the main retailers to reduce their order sizes relative to demand. Ordering according to the needs of the consumer, rather than to stock, will aid P&G in attenuating the impact of the bullwhip effect (Wangphanich, Kara, & Kayis, 2010: p4509). P&G then utilised the improved communication and forecasting to maintain consistency in price. This will prevent increased ordering when prices are low, lessening the bullwhip effect (Wang et al. 2012, p. 120). Other approaches that P&G could have taken include: Portfolio planning, in which th ey could diversify the distributor base into a group that is on long-term contract terms to meet the major demand, and others on short-term contract terms to cover any increase in demand (Gupta & Mishra 2012, p. 27). Postponement, in which they would delay delivery of the product to their distributors until they have reliable information on demand (Gupta & Mishra 2012, p. 28). Q #2 The demand–supply gap at Cisco occurred for a number of reasons: When supply is exceeded by demand, the manufacturers such as Xilinx produced more components for the consumers, who may have ordered more products than required to generate profit. After supply caters to normal demand, orders may be cancelled, which results in unwanted inventory (Thompson & Liang-Chieh 2012, p. 120). A gap between demand and forecasting may also have caused the demand–supply gap, especially if Cisco’s planning team forecasted demand through extrapolation of demand at present. Small fluctuations result fr om long lead-time extrapolation, which ends up having a huge impact on the demand–supply gap (Akkermans & Voss 2013, p. 770). Use of batch orders for small and frequent orders may have been made to reduce storage costs or logistics. This could result in increased demand variability compared to supply (Thompson & Liang-Chieh 2012, p. 121). Price fluctuations due to anticipation that there will be a price increase could have led to items being stocked up to capitalise on low prices. This leads to variation between supply and demand (Akkermans & Voss 2013, p. 771). These arrangements could have resulted in a pileup of Cisco’s inventory, as forecasters did not notice artificial inflation within their projections. Since many of the company’s clients ordered similar products from competitors so as to close the deal with the company that delivered on their orders first, Cisco’s demand forecasts were inflated by triple and double orders (Thompson & Liang-Chieh 20 12, p. 121). Their supply chain management system was unable to indicate the increased demand. This was representative of overlapping orders, leading to a vicious cycle of demand that was inflated artificially, increased costs, and poor communication along their chain of supply (Akkermans & Voss 2013, p. 771). For these reasons, it is clear that the biggest problem had to do with poor communication across the chain of supply. To counter this, Cisco integrated an

President Barack Obama, the war power, and executive orders Essay

President Barack Obama, the war power, and executive orders - Essay Example From this paper, it is clear that executive orders are used by presidents to promote civil rights and in emboldening or discourage regulation by federal agencies. Both Presidents Barack Obama and President George W. Bush have observed that the executive order has progressively become a powerful political weapon. The executive order has been used in pushing through regulations and this may end up being a political worse crisis. President’s executive orders are derived from Article II, section 1 of the America constitution specifies that the president has the executive power "He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed†. Executive orders in my perception are controversial because the through the executive order the president can make a major critical decision. The excises executive order by presidents run against the general logic of the constitution that says clearly that no one should have the power to act unilaterally. The executive order has a drawback for it undermines the trusted system of check and balance, giving rise to unjustifiable acts by the executive branch which may use it to safeguard their personal interests rather than national interests. For this reason, executive orders are considered too inappropriate in democratic and civilized country like the United States. Therefore, it is essential for the three arms of government to acts as a watchdog of each other thus enabling democracy to triumph without being hindered by the presidency through executive orders.

Important Contribution(s) of Different Scholars to the Field of Essay

Important Contribution(s) of Different Scholars to the Field of Biblical Studies - Essay Example 4 Cullmann was among the most influential in reformed Biblical theology and his studies on the New Testament eschatology and Christology led him to suggest a position of heilsgeschichte; redemptive history over the common positions of C.H Dodd and Albert Schweitzer. Redemptive history connotes that â€Å"With the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, the eschaton has already began as the presence of the congregation of glory is defined by the power of redemption†¦.† His important contributions to the New Testament studies include titles like â€Å"The Immortality of the Soul or the Resurrection of the body?†, 5 â€Å"The Christology of the New Testament†, â€Å"Early Christian Worship†, â€Å"Salvation and History†, â€Å"Early Christian Worship† but to mention a few. In â€Å"Christ and Time†, he defended claims that New Testament only refers to time as being linear that is yesterday, today and tomorrow and that no philosophy should try and mix other forms of time not mentioned therein. This led him to write an article â€Å"The Immortality of the Soul or the Resurrection of the body?† in which he showed that the widespread attribution of â€Å"the resurrection of the soul† to primitive Christianity was plausible and that this was rather associated with Greek mythology. 6His article further attributed death to the wages of sin and as the last enemy. He presented Jesus Christ as the first born from death and proceeded to presented the death as those who sleep. This article led to a lot of controversy especially in some protestant churches but at the same time received support mainly from Adventist Churches.7 Cullmann in his book â€Å"The Christology of the New Testament† established a balance in the New Testament data regarding the life and work of Jesus Christ. 8This he achieved by remaining as faithful as possible to the New Testament depiction of Jesus Christ. This

Internal Control Essay Example for Free

Internal Control Essay 1. Inform the President of any new internal control requirements if the company decides to go public.  As per the accident that happened in the company about some employees was viewing pornography on company computer and he had a hard time to get his employees admitted that they were the one who doing it. He should use limit access by individual passwords for each person to log in the computer systems. To make sure that which person was log on in the computer and do bad thing during that period. 2. Advise the President of what the company is doing right (they are doing some things well) and also recommend to the President whether or not they should buy the indelible ink machine. When your advice the President, please be sure to reference the applicable internal control principle that applies. From the passage that the accountant has recently started using prenumbered invoices following by the principle of internet control activities. Please find the Documentation Procedures passage below. From the passage, the president wants to buy an indelible ink machine to print their checks. In my opinion, I would like to recommend that he should buy an indelible ink machine following by the principle of internal control activities. Please find the Physical Controls passage below. Principles of internal control activities Documentation Procedures Companies should establish procures for documents. First, whenever possible, companies should use prenumbered documents, and all documents should be account for. Prenumbering helps to prevent a transaction from being recorded more than once, or conversely, from not bring recorded at all. Second, the control system shown that employees should promptly forward source documents for accounting entries to the accounting entries to the accounting  department. This control measure helps to ensure timely recording of the transaction and contributes directly to the accuracy and reliability of the accounting record. Require use prenumbered checks and account for them in sequence; each check must have an approved invoice; require employees to use corporate credit cards for reimbursable expenses; stamp invoices â€Å"paid†. Physical Controls Store blank checks in safes, with limited access; print check amounts by machine in indelible ink. 3. Advise the President of what the company is doing wrong (they are definitely doing some things poorly). Please be sure to include the internal control principle that is being violated along with a recommendation for improvement. Following from the passage that they have one accountant who serves as Treasurer and Controller which streamlines many of their processes. In this dual role, he purchases all of the supplies and pays for these purchases. He also recieves the checks and completes the monthly bank recommendation. The accountant is so busy that the company handels pretty cash a bit differently. He should asign duties to more than one person not only one because it hard for one person to control and serves as treasurer and controller in the same time. Following by Principles of internal control activities. Please find Segregation of Duties and Establishment of Responsibility passage below. From the following passage that all employees have access to the petty cash in a desk drawer and are asked to only place a note if they use any of the cash. In my opinion, he should limit access to the petty cash in a desk drawer, only one person could have responsible for the petty cash. Following by Principles of internal control activities. Please see the Establishment of Responsibility passage below. Principles of internal control activities Segregation of Duties Different individuals approve and make payments; check singers do not record disbursements Segregation of duties is indispensable in an internal control system. There are two common applications of this principle: 1. Different individuals should be responsible for related activities. 2. The responsibility for record-keeping for an asset should be separate from the physical custody of that asset. The rational for segregation of duties is this: The work of one employee should, without a duplication of effort, provide a reliable basis for evaluating the work of another employee. Segregation of related activities making one individual responsible for related activities increases the potential for errors and irregularities. Establishment of Responsibility An essential principle of international control is to assign responsibility to specific employees. Control is most effective when only one person is responsible for given task. Establishing responsibility often requires limiting access only to authorized personnel, and then identifying those personnel. Only designated personnel are authorized to sign checks (treasurer) and approve vendors. Compare checks to invoices; reconcile bank statement monthly